Are there even any sattelite systems available to the general public that can track objects on the ground? GPS can't, they're one way. Satellite phone systems would know which satellite the phone is connected to, but would they get any more information than that?
I'm not sure there's any realistic way to do this.
If a satellite phone is connecting to multiple satellites (or at least multiple satellites can receive its signal, even if communication is not two way), something akin to GPS in reverse seems viable.
I'm not sure there's any realistic way to do this.